MRI-Guided Prostate Biopsy Prevails in PRECISE Trial
/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/945398?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=317972MJ&impID=3176692&faf=1
Multiparametric MRI May Prevent Unnecessary Prostate Biopsies
Using imaging to triage men with elevated PSA might avoid a quarter of unnecessary biopsies, according to a study.
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) can clarify which men with an elevated PSA (up to 15 ng/mL within 3 months) can safely avoid an immediate prostate biopsy and improve the accuracy of prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis, according to a new study.
In the blinded PROMIS trial (NCT01292291), Hashim U. Ahmed, FRCS, PhD, BM, BCh (Oxon), of the University College London Medical School in the United Kingdom (UK), and colleagues compared findings from 1.5 Tesla MP-MRI biopsy with transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) biopsy against transperineal template prostate mapping (TPM) biopsy as a reference. The investigators posited that TPM is more accurate than TRUS-biopsy as a reference because it samples the entire prostate every 5 mm with an estimated 95% sensitivity for clinically significant PCa, and it is less prone to selection bias than radical prostatectomy specimens. Clinically significant cancers were defined as Gleason score 4 + 3 or above or a maximum cancer core length of 6 mm or longer.
Of 576 biopsy-naïve men from 11 centers in the UK, 71% had cancer based on standard TRUS biopsy (10 to 12 cores) with 40% of cases deemed clinically significant. MP-MRI proved more sensitive at finding significant cancers than TRUS biopsy (93% vs 48%), but was less specific (41% vs 96%). MP-MRI elucidates prostate volume, cellularity, and vascularity.
“The lower specificity and positive predictive value of MP-MRI means that a biopsy is still required with a suspicious MP-MRI,” Dr Ahmen and colleagues explained in a paper published online in the Lancet. “Men with suspicious MP-MRI areas can have biopsies guided by these findings. Overall, this strategy could improve detection of clinically important prostate cancer and reduce the number of men diagnosed with clinically unimportant disease.”
Imaging men first with MP-MRI might avoid biopsy in 27% of men and prevent 5% of overdiagnoses, the investigators estimated. In addition, when TRUS biopsies are guided by MP-MRI findings, up to 18% more clinically significant cancers might be detected than with TRUS biopsy alone.
Among the study’s limitations, men with prostates greater than 10 mL were excluded from the trial to accommodate the use of TPM. In addition, TRUS biopsy was performed after TPM biopsy, so it is possible that swelling, distortion, and tissue disruption may have occurred and affected results. This study did not target MR-suspicious lesions so it cannot comment on the utility of targeted biopsy. A cost analysis of using MP-MRI in this context is forthcoming.
With regard to adverse effects, 5.9% of all recruited patients reported serious adverse events, including 8 cases of sepsis following urinary tract infection.
Reference
Ludicrous to advise against PSA blood test
/https://nationalpost.com/health/ludicrous-advice-against-prostate-cancer-screening-is-causing-needless-deaths-study
What can you do to reduce your Ontario diagnostic imaging wait time?
/Waiting for your diagnostic imaging appointment can be stressful. Here are a few options for reducing your wait time.
Talk to your family doctor about how you may be able to reduce your wait time. You can:
tell your doctor you’re willing to go for an appointment in the evening, night or weekend – those appointments may be available sooner
tell your doctor you’re willing to travel to a hospital or imaging centre with a shorter wait time
see if there is a cancellation list you could be added to, if you can be available on short notice when last-minute openings become available
make sure you follow any instructions about what to do before your appointment ( e.g. limiting what you eat or drink for a period of time) so you don’t risk having to reschedule
Here is a link to the Ontario government wait time information.
MRI May Reduce Unneeded Prostate Biopsies
/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/893240#vp_1
Adding two MRI-related variables into a risk calculator with standard clinical measures could reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies in men with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) scores while maintaining a "high rate" of diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancers, concludes a new study.
The variables are prostate volume (as derived via MRI) and the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADSv2), a relatively new tool intended to reduce problematic variability among radiologists who read multiparametric MRI scans.
"It has become more common that the results of multiparametric MRI are used to guide clinical decision-making on prostate biopsy," observe senior study author, Baris Turkbey, MD, from the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, and colleagues.
But it is also "unclear," they say, whether MRI itself adds value to risk calculators that are based on standard multivariable clinical parameters, such age, race, and PSA score.
So a multi-institutional team led by NCI staff addressed the issue.
Their new analysis was published online February 22 in JAMA Oncology.
All 651 patients in the study, which includes a development cohort and a validation cohort, had a potential warning sign of prostate cancer (elevated PSA or abnormal result on digital rectal exam) and had at least one lesion detected with subsequent MRI. After their MRI, the men's "index" lesion was assigned a PI-RADSv2 category. The men with a category 3 or higher lesion underwent MRI–transrectal ultrasonography fusion-guided biopsy and a 12-core systematic biopsy.
The development cohort consisted of 400 men with no previous diagnosis of prostate cancer who were seen at the NCI in Bethesda.
The validation cohort consisted of 251 men seen at the University of Chicago Medical Center in Illinois and the University of Alabama, Birmingham.
Overall, 193 (48.3%) of the 400 patients in the development cohort and 96 (38.2%) of the 251 patients in the validation cohort had clinically significant prostate cancer, defined as a Gleason score greater than or equal to 3 + 4. The mean age at biopsy was around 64 years in both groups.
In the two-part study, the "MRI [risk-prediction] model" using standard clinical measures (such as the above-mentioned age, race, and PSA value), plus the two MRI-derived elements, outperformed the "baseline model" (ie, standard clinical measures alone).
In the validation cohort, the area under the curve with the MRI model increased from 64% to 84% compared with the baseline model (P < .001). At a risk threshold of 20%, the MRI model had a lower false-positive rate than the baseline model (46% vs 92%), with only a small reduction in the true-positive rate (89% vs 99%).
The authors explained the importance of the concept of a risk threshold.
"In clinical practice, the threshold for biopsy should be decided after a physician and patient both weigh the relative harm of potentially unnecessary biopsy and benefit of diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer. Therefore, there is not a single risk threshold that is used to determine who needs to undergo biopsy but rather a range of risk thresholds."
Thus, in the study's validation cohort, at the risk threshold of 20%, a total of 38% of biopsies could have been avoided while 89% of clinically significant cancers could still have been identified, the authors say.
Furthermore, at that threshold, in the same cohort, 96 of 251 patients (38.2%) would have avoided a biopsy while 11 of 96 patients with clinically significant disease (11.5%) would have had their cancer missed, write the authors.
The authors also provided findings on net benefit and net reduction in the number of false-positive findings from the study.
They report that the net benefit of the MRI model "was equivalent to performing 27 biopsies per 100 men without negative biopsies, 4 more than the baseline model."
Additionally, they write, "The net reduction in the number of false-positives based on the MRI model, compared with having to perform a biopsy in all patients with positive MRI results, was equivalent to performing 18 fewer unnecessary biopsies per 100 men, with no increase in the number of clinically significant prostate cancer left undiagnosed."
"Currently, multiparametric MRI is often considered a singular diagnostic tool in prostate cancer detection. Our study, however, shows that it has to be seen in a broader context," Dr Turkbey and lead study author, Sherif Mehralivand, MD, also from NCI, told Medscape Medical News in a joint email. "Its main benefit is not the increased detection of cancer but rather the reduction of false-positive results and unnecessary biopsies."
Its main benefit is not the increased detection of cancer but rather the reduction of false-positive results and unnecessary biopsies. Dr Baris Turkbey and Dr Sherif Mehralivand
Dr Turkbey and Dr Mehralivand believe these attributes represent "an important step towards potential solution of the overdetection and overtreatment issue in the PSA screening era."
They also explained the importance of the PI-RADSv2.
"We…think that PI-RADSv2 will improve standardization in reporting of multiparametric MRI scans in the near future," they said.
The authors noted that these guidelines "have been perceived very well by the radiologic and urologic community" and are based on a "broader consensus" than was version 1 of the document, which was mainly a product of European institutions; the version 2 steering committee involves a mix of US and European experts.
"Like many new standardization systems, Pi-RADSv2 has its own limitations, and radiologist experts from all over the world have been working together with urologists to optimize this system," they added.
Other MRI Research Other teams have investigated use of MRI in the context of prostate cancer risk assessment, as reported by Medscape Medical News. And multiple prediction models include the imaging.
"The model we propose produces results comparable with those previously reported," say the current study authors.
One effort (Eur Urol. 2017;72:888-896) was very much akin to the development cohort in the current study. But it suffers from not having been validated in another cohort and not having used the latest version of PI-RADS, the current study authors say.
They also point out a limitation of their own study: that patients with negative MRI results did not undergo biopsies, which could contribute to "verification bias." But, historically, the likelihood of a clinically significant prostate cancer in patients with negative MRI findings is "low"; thus, those men are unlikely to benefit from a biopsy, they say.
The new MRI risk assessment model should be used in other medical centers, say the authors, for further prospective validation.
The study was funded by the National Cancer Institute. Two investigators report financial ties to corporate divisions of Phillips.
Is It Safe to Avoid Biopsy in Men With Elevated PSA?
/
Multiparametric MRI with transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy improves discrimination between clinically significant and insignificant prostate tumors.
[See full list of authors and their affiliations at the end of the article]
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening was widely adopted almost 30 years ago, and while it has benefited many men, it still has inherent drawbacks. Limitations in sensitivity have led to unnecessary prostate biopsies and the detection of clinically insignificant prostate cancer (PCa). PSA screening began in the 1990s, causing an increased incidence of PCa as more men were diagnosed with earlier stage disease.1 One side effect of screening was the diagnosis of more low-risk and often indolent disease that resulted in overtreatment and subsequent increased morbidity. Due to the potential harm from overtreatment, and the conflicting results seen in two major screening trials, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) gave PCa screening a “D” recommendation in 2012. 2-4 The net result was decreased overall screening, with a 7.5% reduction in the incidence of localized PCa but a 1.4% increase in the incidence of metastatic disease. 5 The USPSTF's 2012 decision was disputed as both physicians and their patients found this recommendation to be controversial. Individual screening practices have continued, although the practices are highly varied.6,7 In 2017, the USPTSF released a preliminary grade “C” recommendation, citing a plethora of reasons for physicians to discuss screening with appropriate candidates.8 These reasons included the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) trial's finding of a continued benefit from screening in those aged 55–69 years, increased use of active surveillance to mitigate the risk of overtreatment, and the need for screening in those most at risk for PCa, such as African Americans and men with a family history of PCa. The controversy and confusion among both physicians and patients concerning PSA screening underscores the need for a better method to screen for PCa.
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is an additional test that should be incorporated into the workup of patients with elevated PSA to not only rule out clinically significant disease and thus avoiding biopsy, but also to guide biopsies toward lesions, enhancing biopsy effectiveness and increasing the detection rate of clinically significant disease.
Although mpMRI of the prostate represents a clinically useful imaging modality that allows physicians to visualize suspicious lesions in the prostate, it has inherent limitations, such as difficulty visualizing small tumors (<0.5 mL) and frequently underestimating the size of lesions. Still, mpMRI remains a powerful diagnostic tool. A meta-analysis of studies looking at the accuracy of mpMRI in detecting PCa found a 44%–87% sensitivity and a negative predictive value of 92%–94%. 9-11 Being able to better visualize lesions within the prostate led to the development of fusion biopsy platform systems, allowing urologists to merge real-time ultrasound (US) and previously cached mpMRI images to target suspicious lesions more easily. Using this approach, a prospective study involving 1003 men by Siddiqui et al. compared systematic biopsies to fusion-guided biopsies and found agreement between biopsies in 69%.12More importantly, there was a 17% decrease in the detection of clinically insignificant (CI) disease with a simultaneous significant 30% increase in the detection of high-risk disease.12 A meta-analysis of multiple studies comparing transrectal US (TRUS)-guided biopsies to MRI fusion biopsies reported similar overall rates of PCa detection, but fusion biopsies had better sensitivity (91%) for detecting significant PCa while avoiding low-risk PCa almost two times better than TRUS-guided biopsies. 13 Additionally, targeted biopsies have been shown to perform better than transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsies at all ranges of PSA. 14 In a study by Shakir et al. of both biopsy-naïve men and men with prior negative biopsies, targeted biopsies upgraded systematic biopsies in all ranges of PSA, with its rate of upgrading increasing as PSA increased.15 Multiple studies have shown the benefit of mpMRI/US fusion biopsies over TRUS biopsies alone, including the improvement in the diagnosis of clinically significant disease. This technique allows urologists to further respond to the criticisms the USPSTF originally generated in 2012.
While the utility of mpMRI to guide and improve biopsies already has been demonstrated, its role in screening for PCa has not reached a consensus. With this in mind, the PROMIS trial set out to determine if mpMRI was superior to TRUS-guided systematic 12-core biopsies for the detection of significant PCa after initial screening with PSA. This multicenter study enrolled 576 biopsy-naïve men with suspicion for cancer based on elevated PSA, abnormal digital rectal examination or family history. After enrollment, all patients received a 1.5 Tesla mpMRI with both standard 10-12 core TRUS biopsy and template prostate mapping (TPM) core biopsies every 5mm as their gold standard for cancer detection.16 When looking at the TPM biopsies in this cohort, the overall cancer detection rate (CDR) was 71% (408 men). To determine sensitivities and specificities for both mpMRI and TRUS biopsies, the authors defined clinically significant cancer in multiple ways: Gleason Score (GS) ≥ 4+3 or cancer core length ≥ 6 mm (n=230), GS ≥ 3+4 or cancer core length ≥ 4 mm (n=331), or any GS ≥ 3+4 (n= 308).16 Significant differences were seen in the predictive abilities when comparing mpMRI with TRUS biopsies, the current standard of care. Sensitivities and specificities for mpMRI to detect CS disease ranged from 87%–93% and 41%–47% compared with 48%–60% and 96%–99% with TRUS biopsy, respectively. Negative (NPV) and positive predictive values (PPV) for clinically significant disease using mpMRI as a screening tool ranged from 72%–89% and 51%–69%, respectively, with the highest NPV seen when using the most stringent definition of clinically significant disease (GS ≥ 4+3).16 When comparing these values to TRUS biopsy, NPV and PPV ranged from 63%–74% and 90%–99%, respectively.16 This study demonstrated the clear advantage of mpMRI to rule out clinically significant disease, especially as the criteria for significance increased. All of this implies that screening mpMRI could potentially avert needless biopsies. These authors predicted that if only those men with positive imaging findings (Likert score ≥ 3) underwent biopsy, 158 (27%) men would be spared a biopsy.16 Additionally, there would be a 5%–21% reduction in clinically insignificant cancers detected and an increase in the detection of significant cancers of up to 18%, assuming mpMRI led to fusion biopsies with similar cancer detection rates as template mapping.16
Additional studies have looked at the NPV of mpMRI. In a study of 100 histologically mapped radical prostatectomy specimens, 99/100 patients had lesions identified on preoperative mpMRI. 10 However, when looking at the specimens on a per lesion basis, 26 (16%) of total lesions (all GS ≥ 3+4) were missed.10 Another study, by Rais-Bahrami et al., evaluated the clinical utility of mpMRI as an adjunct to PSA screening and found that compared with PSA alone, the addition of mpMRI increased the area under the curve (AUC) from 0.66 to 0.80 when detecting PCa of any GS in biopsy-naïve men.17 With concern from both the USPSTF and urologists about the lack of sensitivity of PSA screening, the addition of the mpMRI has become a valuable test to increase sensitivity and thus address this concern.
Sparing men from unnecessary prostate biopsies will avoid complications that can come with the procedure as well as avoiding the diagnosis of low-grade disease. Therefore, by avoiding biopsy, men will not be placed at risk for common morbidities of prostate biopsies (eg, hematuria, perineal/rectal discomfort or urinary retention) and potentially fatal infectious complications, such as sepsis. A study published in 2011 by Steensels et al. found that when compared to the prior 6 years data, their incidence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coliincreased to 22% and their rate of hospitalization for infectious complications had tripled to 3%.18 Adverse events were seen in only 44 men, with 8 (1%) cases of sepsis and 58 (10%) episodes of urinary retention.
With prostate mpMRIs, urologists have a powerful tool to guide not only when to biopsy, but also where to biopsy. Despite providing greater accuracy in detecting cancer lesions, there is a debate about when and how to incorporate mpMRI into clinical practice due to the upfront cost of mpMRI. Currently, mpMRI and fusion biopsy are recommended by experts in both urology and radiology for patients with a previous negative systematic biopsy and continued rising PSA or suspicion of PCa.19 The biggest downside to screening mpMRI is the cost. Many urologists and health care policy experts have questioned whether an initial mpMRI will be more cost-effective or not in finding more clinically significant cancer and avoiding the continual and unnecessary workup of missing cancer. Faria et al. used the CDR of both clinically significant and insignificant disease of a cohort within the PROMIS trial to look at both the short- and long-term costs of upfront mpMRI for patients with an elevated PSA. 20 Using these patients, cost and quality of life modeling was applied to determine the most cost-effective strategy per quality of life year.20 Predicted outcomes and costs of localized and metastatic disease were estimated based on data in the PIVOT and STAMPEDE trials.20-22 Multiple sequencing pathways of mpMRI and biopsy were modeled to maximize the CDR of clinically significant disease while also limiting costs. When maximizing quality of life years (QALY) per unit price, the analysis determined that obtaining an upfront mpMRI and up to 2 fusion biopsies afterward was most cost-effective. Using this algorithm, 85% of all clinically significant tumors would be diagnosed. This cost analysis is similar to another modeling study by de Rooij et al. These authors examined the cost of the initial and continued workup of a hypothetical patient with an elevated PSA (> 4 ng/mL) and any subsequent treatment for PCa while assuming they had an upfront mpMRI with fusion biopsy versus a standard workup using systematic TRUS biopsy.23 This study found an almost similar cost between upfront mpMRI and standard TRUS biopsy (€2423 vs. €2392).23 However, when adjusting for QALY, upfront mpMRI was more cost-effective. 23
Another hindrance to widespread prostate mpMRI use in screening is the need for the dedicated training of both radiologists and urologists to be able to accurately perform and interpret the mpMRI. Specialized training is needed to correctly obtain quality MR images, determine index lesions, and Gleason scores, as well as develop increasing confidence in identifying specific tumor locations within the prostate. 24 Variability among inexperienced readers can be seen when patients are referred to tertiary care centers with dedicated uroradiologists. A study by Hansen et al. showed that disagreement between centers occurred 54% of the time.25 More experienced uroradiologists reduced the over-reading of lesions, and this improved both the NPV and PPV of the mpMRI.25 Fortunately, after dedicated training to interpret mpMRI, inter-observer agreement is good and improves further with the use of the Prostate Imaging and Reporting Data Systems, version 2 (PI-RADSv2) scoring system.26 This reliability in reporting is evidenced in the PROMIS trial, which had an 80% inter-observer agreement between mpMRI reports.16
Summary
Although experts already recommend mpMRI for patients with a continued suspicion of cancer and a previous negative biopsy, there appears to be tremendous benefits associated with incorporating mpMRI into PSA screening for biopsy-naïve patients. At the same time, urologists will avoid over-diagnosing and treatment of low-grade PCa and will also avoid procedural complications by reducing TRUS biopsies. The results of the PROMIS trial show that mpMRI significantly outperforms systematic biopsies in the ability to rule out clinically significant disease. Upfront mpMRI not only can rule out high-grade disease in the majority of men and spare them unnecessary biopsies, but men with evidence of PCa can undergo targeted MRI/US fusion biopsy with better accuracy than standard TRUS. The argument against upfront mpMRI has always centered on cost. However, after factoring in the cost of missed high-grade disease, multiple modeling studies have now shown that when adjusting for quality of life, upfront mpMRI is more cost-effective. These studies demonstrate the supporting evidence for incorporating mpMRI into the screening protocol for patients with an elevated PSA or suspicion for PCa for better diagnosis both before and during a targeted biopsy. Negative mpMRIs should discourage prostate biopsy due to the low yield for significant disease and to avoid the increasing rate of infectious complications.
Authors
Jonathan B. Bloom, MD1
Graham R. Hale, BS1
Samuel A. Gold, BA1
Kareem N. Rayn, BS1
Vladimir Valera, MD1
Bradford J. Wood, MD3
Baris Turkbey, MD2
Peter L. Choyke, MD2
Peter A. Pinto, MD1
1Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
2Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
3Center for Interventional Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
Corresponding author: Peter A. Pinto, MD, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Email address: pintop@mail.nih.gov
References
1. Cooperberg MR, Lubeck DP, Meng MV, et al. The changing face of low-risk prostate cancer: trends in clinical presentation and primary management. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2141-2149.
2. Moyer VA, Force USPST. Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:120-134.
3. Schroder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al. Screening and prostate cancer mortality: results of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) at 13 years of follow-up. Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2027-2035.
4. Pinsky PF, Prorok PC, Yu K, et al. Extended mortality results for prostate cancer screening in the PLCO trial with median follow-up of 15 years. Cancer. 2017;123:592-599.
5. Houston KA, King J, Li J, Jemal A. Trends in prostate cancer incidence rates and prevalence of prostate-specific antigen screening by socioeconomic status and regions in the US, 2004-2013. J Urol. 2017; published online ahead of print.
6. Squiers LB, Bann CM, Dolina SE, et al. Prostate-specific antigen testing: men's responses to 2012 recommendation against screening. Am J Prev Med. 2013;45:182-189.
7. Hutchinson R, Akhtar A, Haridas J, et al. Testing and referral patterns in the years surrounding the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation against prostate-specific antigen screening. Cancer. 2016;122:3785-3793.
8. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ. The US Preventive Services Task Force 2017 Draft Recommendation Statement on Screening for Prostate Cancer: An Invitation to Review and Comment. JAMA. 2017;317:1949-1950.
9. Futterer JJ, Briganti A, De Visschere P, et al. Can clinically significant prostate cancer be detected with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging? A systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol. 2015;68:1045-1053.
10. Borofsky S, George AK, Gaur S, et al. What are we missing? False-negative cancers at multiparametric MR imaging of the prostate. Radiology. 2017:152877.
11. Vargas HA, Hotker AM, Goldman DA, et al. Updated prostate imaging reporting and data system (PIRADS v2) recommendations for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer using multiparametric MRI: critical evaluation using whole-mount pathology as standard of reference. Eur Radiol. 2016;26:1606-1612.
12. Siddiqui MM, Rais-Bahrami S, Turkbey B, et al. Comparison of MR/ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy with ultrasound-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. JAMA. 2015;313:390-397.
13. Schoots IG, Roobol MJ, Nieboer D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of significant prostate cancer detection compared to standard transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2015;68:438-450.
14. Shakir NA, George AK, Siddiqui MM, et al. Identification of threshold prostate specific antigen levels to optimize the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer by magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound fusion guided biopsy. J Urol. 2014;192:1642-1648.
15. Raskolnikov D, George AK, Rais-Bahrami S, et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and image-guided biopsy to detect seminal vesicle invasion by prostate cancer. J Endourol. 2014;28:1283-1289.
16. Ahmed HU, El-Shater Bosaily A, Brown LC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): a paired validating confirmatory study. Lancet. 2017;389(10071):815-822.
17. Rais-Bahrami S, Siddiqui MM, Vourganti S, et al. Diagnostic value of biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an adjunct to prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based detection of prostate cancer in men without prior biopsies. BJU Int. 2015;115:381-388.
18. Steensels D, Slabbaert K, De Wever L, et al. Fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli in intestinal flora of patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy--should we reassess our practices for antibiotic prophylaxis? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:575-581.
19. Rosenkrantz AB, Verma S, Choyke P, et al. Prostate magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsy in patients with a prior negative biopsy: A consensus statement by AUA and SAR. J Urol. 2016;196:1613-1618.
20. Faria R, Soares MO, Spackman E, et al. Optimising the diagnosis of prostate cancer in the era of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging: A cost-effectiveness analysis based on the Prostate MR Imaging Study (PROMIS). Eur Urol. 2017; published online ahead of print.
21. James ND, Spears MR, Clarke NW, et al. Survival with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer in the "Docetaxel Era": Data from 917 patients in the control arm of the STAMPEDE trial (MRC PR08, CRUK/06/019). Eur Urol. 2015;67:1028-1038.
22. Wilt TJ, Brawer MK, Jones KM, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus observation for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:203-213.
23. de Rooij M, Crienen S, Witjes JA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR-guided targeted biopsy versus systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy in diagnosing prostate cancer: a modelling study from a health care perspective. Eur Urol. 2014;66:430-436.
24. Garcia-Reyes K, Passoni NM, Palmeri ML, et al. Detection of prostate cancer with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI): effect of dedicated reader education on accuracy and confidence of index and anterior cancer diagnosis. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40:134-142.
25. Hansen NL, Koo BC, Gallagher FA, et al. Comparison of initial and tertiary centre second opinion reads of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate prior to repeat biopsy. Eur Radiol. 2017;27:2259-2266.
26. Purysko AS, Bittencourt LK, Bullen JA, et al. Accuracy and interobserver agreement for Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System, Version 2, for the characterization of lesions identified on multiparametric MRI of the prostate. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;209:339-349.
MRI Can Rule Out Need for Biopsy in Men with High PSA
/https://www.medpagetoday.com/hematologyoncology/prostatecancer/62780 Jan 27, 2017 - One in four men presenting with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may be able to safely avoid prostate biopsy if they have triage testing ...
MRI vs. PSA test for prostate cancer prevention.
/Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre is currently researching the value of a prostate MRI test verses PSA for prostate cancer detection. Sunnybrook would NOT perform this study if they did not already believe that a proste MRI was an effective prevention method. When detected early, prostate cancer survival rates are better than 98%. Find it late, and those survival rates drop below 26%. Based on this evidence if you have an elevated PSA, with no prior biopsy, do not delay in getting an MRI. Contact Axxess Imaging. It can save your life.
Turn to multiparametric MRI to rule out prostate cancer
/By Wayne Forrest, AuntMinnie.com staff writer
November 3, 2016 -- Tuesday, November 29 | 10:40 a.m.-10:50 a.m. | SSG05-02 | Room N229 Multiparametric MRI is extremely proficient in ruling out clinically significant prostate cancer, especially in patients with a previous negative biopsy, according to researchers from Canada.
"Our 11-year cohort study showed that it may be safe and feasible for men with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and prior negative biopsy to receive follow-up by prostate MRI and, potentially less frequently, in lieu of more invasive and potentially unpleasant follow-up prostate biopsies," Dr. Kirsteen Burton, a radiology resident at the University of Toronto, told AuntMinnie.com.
The researchers identified 541 prostate MRI exams that met their study criteria. The subjects had a median age of 63 years, and 132 men (24%) had a negative initial MRI; 73 (13%) of this group had a previous negative biopsy and median PSA of 10, and 59 (11%) had low-volume Gleason 6 disease and a median PSA of 6.
The results prompted the researchers to conclude that the risk of developing clinically significant disease over the median of 6.7 years was very low in men with a prior negative biopsy and negative MRI. Therefore, these patients could be followed less frequently.
"Our study results show that MRI offers an excellent negative predictive value for ruling out clinically significant prostate cancer -- that is, 96% of men who had a prior negative prostate biopsy and who subsequently received a prostate MRI had a true-negative prostate cancer result over a median follow-up period of just under seven years," Burton said.
MRI can replace biopsy for prostate cancer surveillance.→
/MRI can replace biopsy for prostate cancer surveillance
By Wayne Forrest, AuntMinnie.com staff writer
March 17, 2017 -- MRI can be used in place of serial biopsy as part of an active surveillance program for prostate cancer, complementing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal exams in early-stage patients. The combination could help guide who needs treatment without the need for biopsy, according to a study in the March issue of the American Journal of Roentgenology. An active surveillance program that included multiparametric MRI revealed changes that suggested cancer progression in 12% of the subjects, according to researchers at Winthrop University Hospital in Mineola, NY. This means that the rest of the patients were spared more aggressive monitoring, such as with serial biopsy. "The small number of patients with follow-up multiparametric MRI findings showing worsening disease supports the role of MRI in patients with early-stage prostate cancer," wrote lead author David Habibian and colleagues. "Multiparametric MRI is useful in monitoring patients on active surveillance and may identify patients with clinically significant cancer amenable to definitive treatment." Active surveillance For several decades, clinicians have relied on prostate-specific antigen levels as an indication of possible prostate cancer. While the test has increased detection of the disease, some studies have questioned the efficacy of PSA values, since elevated levels could be due to benign prostatic hyperplasia, inflammation, infection, or indolent disease that might never pose a risk to the individual in his lifetime.
Initial multiparametric MRI (above) before active surveillance shows poorly defined mild hypointense signal at right posterolateral midperipheral zone (arrow). Follow-up multiparametric MRI two years later (below) better details area of hypointense signal (arrow). Images courtesy of AJR.
As an alternative, clinicians have begun turning to active surveillance, which includes regular monitoring of PSA levels, digital rectal exams, and serial biopsies. But biopsies are still an invasive procedure, leading researchers at Winthrop to see if replacing serial biopsy with annual multiparametric MRI scans in their active surveillance regimen would make it more effective (AJR, March 2017, Vol. 208:3, pp. 564-569). For this study, the group scoured the department of urology's database on prostate cancer patients who were monitored with active surveillance between February 2002 and July 2015. During that time, 200 prostate cancer patients were on active surveillance, with 114 patients (57%) having undergone an initial multiparametric MRI exam before active surveillance and at least one follow-up multiparametric MRI scan after active surveillance. All prostate MRI scans at the hospital were performed on a 3-tesla scanner (Intera Achieva, Philips Healthcare) with a six-channel coil. The protocol included axial, coronal, and sagittal T2-weighted fast spin-echo and axial T1-weighted spin-echo sequences, as well as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the axial plane. The subjects' MR images were evaluated and correlated with pathology results, if available. The median age of the subjects was 65 years (range, 60-70 years), with a median time on active surveillance of 48 months (range, 38-68 months). The median time on active surveillance before receiving definitive treatment was 35 months (range, 20-53 months). Poor outcomes In reviewing the records, the researchers found 14 patients (12%) whose active surveillance was halted when follow-up multiparametric MR images suggested prostate cancer progression. Of those 14 subjects, nine (64%) had confirmed or suspected spread of cancer beyond the prostate, three (21%) had enlarged or more prominent lesions, and two (14%) had new or suspicious lesions. In addition, biopsy results led to a tumor upgrade and further treatment for six patients (43%) after their follow-up multiparametric MRI scans. Due to their worsening condition, 10 patients underwent cryoablation to treat their prostate cancer, while two received radiation therapy (CyberKnife, Accuray) and two underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy. The researchers concluded that the relatively small number of patients who had serious disease meant that MRI was a good alternative to biopsy in an active surveillance program. "The results of our study show the potential application of multiparametric MRI in prostate cancer patients being monitored with active surveillance," Habibian and colleagues wrote. "Multiparametric MRI may serve as a substitute for serial biopsies currently used in active surveillance regimens to reduce the rate of sepsis and infection and avoid patient discomfort associated with repeat biopsies." The researchers also recommended additional prospective studies with a larger patient sample to validate the results and the efficacy of multiparametric MRI in the management of prostate cancer patients.
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